INI NIH BUKTI KALO KOPI ITU GAK BERBAHAYA BUAT JANTUNG...

More Evidence That Coffee Is Safe for Your Heart

by Sara G. Miller, Staff Writer   |   September 22, 2015 08:00pm ET

Coffee lovers, rejoice. There's more evidence that your morning mug won't harm your heart, according to a new study from Sweden.

In the study, researchers found that drinking coffee was not associated with an increased risk of a condition called atrial fibrillation, which is a type of irregular heartbeat, in either men or women.

"This is largest prospective study to date on the association between coffee consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation. We find no evidence that high consumption of coffee increases the risk of atrial fibrillation," Susanna Larsson, an associate professor of epidemiology at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden and lead author on the study, said in a statement.

"This is important because it shows that people who like coffee can safely continue to consume it, at least in moderation, without the risk of developing this condition," Larsson said.

The study comes on the heels of an earlier study from this year, which suggested that coffee may lower the risk of heart attacks.

In the new study, the researchers looked at data from about 42,000 men and nearly 35,000 women who were participating in two long-running studies, the Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort. In 1997, all the participants filled out questionnaires that asked about their health and diet, including how many cups of coffee they drank daily or weekly. During the 12-year follow-up period, the researchers used the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register to determine which patients developed atrial fibrillation.

The researchers found no association between coffee consumption and an increased risk of atrial fibrillation, though they did observe a slight increase in risk when they limited the analysis to men. However, this increase was not statistically significant (meaning it could have been due to chance), the researchers wrote.

"Whether men may be more sensitive to a high coffee or caffeine intake warrants further study," the researchers wrote in their article, published today (Sept. 22) in the journal BioMed Central.

The researchers also did a meta-analysis, looking at six other studies on atrial fibrillation and coffee intake, which confirmed their results.

The researchers cautioned that although coffee does not appear to increase the risk of atrial fibrillation, it may increase risk for other types of irregular heartbeats.

TAKEN FROM: http://www.livescience.com/52266-coffee-atrial-fibrillation-no-risk.html

Artikekl Kesehatan: Fakta, Fungsi dan Penyakit pada Ginjal

Kidneys: Facts, Function & Diseases

by Alina Bradford, Live Science Contributor   |   September 01, 2015 02:21am ET

Most people have two kidneys. They are bean-shaped organs located on both sides of the spine, behind the stomach. Each one is about the size of an adult fist. Their main purpose is to keep the composition of blood in the body balanced to maintain good health. 

Function

The kidneys filter extra water and toxins from the blood. The kidneys filter about 120 to 152 quarts (113 to 144 liters) of blood to create 1 to 2 quarts (0.94 to 1.8 l) of urine every day, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 

They aren’t just one big filtering sponge, though. Each kidney is a system of millions of tiny filters called nephrons. A nephron has two parts. The glomerulus is the first part of the filter. It strains blood cells and large molecules from the toxins and fluid. The fluids and toxins that pass through then go through the tubule. The tubule collects minerals that the body needs and puts them back into the bloodstream and filters out more toxins. 

While filtering, the kidneys produce urine to carry the toxins away. The urine is sent through two tubes called ureters down to the bladder, where the urine then leaves the body through the urethra.  

The kidneys also make hormones. These hormones help regulate blood pressure, make red blood cells and promote bone health. 

Conditions

Poor kidney care and genetics can cause a wide range of health problems. Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, is when the kidneys slowly stop functioning. One in three American adults are at high risk for developing kidney disease, according to the National Kidney Foundation. There are many conditions that can cause kidney disease, including type 1 and 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, obstructions in the urinary tract and inflammation of various parts of the kidneys, according to the Mayo Clinic.

Kidney failure is the most severe stage of kidney disease. It occurs when kidneys stop functioning without help. People with kidney failure need dialysis or a kidney transplant to survive. People with healthy kidneys can donate part of a kidney or a whole kidney to those in need without becoming sick, in most cases. Kidney transplants are one of the most common surgeries in the United States, according to the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Kidney cancer is the seventh most common type of cancer. According to the Mayo Clinic, the most common type of kidney cancer is renal cell carcinoma. In the United States, 61,560 adults will be diagnosed with kidney cancer and renal pelvic cancer in 2015, and it will be the cause of around 14,080 deaths in 2015, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology.

Kidney stones are exactly what they sound like. They are stones made from hardened minerals and acid salts that collect in the kidneys, usually formed by concentrated urine. The minerals in the urine crystalize and stick together, according to the Mayo Clinic. Though they are very painful, they usually don’t cause any damage to the body.

Kidney infections, also called pyelonephritis, are usually caused by bacteria that enter the urethra, ascend into the bladder and make their way to the kidneys, according to the Urology Care Foundation. If a kidney infection goes untreated, it can cause permanent kidney damage. 

Promoting good kidney health

Proper care can keep kidneys running properly well into old age. One of the most important things to remember is to stay hydrated. Kidneys need water to function properly and to carry away toxins. 

“In the most serious cases, dehydration can eventually harm the body causing seizures, kidney failure and even death,” said Dr. Buck Parker, a trauma surgeon who also recently appeared on NBC’s reality TV show “The Island.” Parker suggested that the best ways to avoid dehydration included drinking water before you get thirsty, since thirst indicates dehydration; eating foods, like fruits and vegetables, with a high water content; avoiding soda or other caffeinated drinks; and limiting alcohol consumption.

Vitamins can be very important to the function and health of kidneys. “(Folic acid) helps to reduce levels of homocysteine, which has been linked to heart disease, stroke and kidney disease,” said Dr. Kristine Arthur, an internist at Orange Coast Memorial Medical Center in Fountain Valley, California. Vitamin A is also very important to healthy kidney function. 

Taking too much vitamin C, though, may lead to kidney stones, according to Arthur.

Another supplement that may cause trouble is calcium. “Some older women who get their calcium from supplements rather than in their diet are more prone to kidney stones,” said Dr. Linda Girgis, a family practice doctor in South River, New Jersey. “Many people falsely assume that taking vitamins is healthy and safe, but this is not always the case. Sometimes people take too much. It is very hard to get too much when ingesting it is food,” said Girgis. 

Keeping blood pressure in check may also contribute to long-term good kidney health. A study by the National Kidney Foundation found that moderately high blood pressure levels in midlife might contribute to late-life kidney disease and kidney failure.

The American Kidney Fund also suggests avoiding a diet high in fat and salt, limiting alcohol, avoiding tobacco and exercising most days as good ways to keep kidneys healthy. 

http://www.livescience.com/52047-kidneys.html

SABUN ANTIBAKTERI = SABUN BIASA!!!

artikel yang satu ini intinya kalo lu nyuci tangan pake sabun antibakteri atau sabun biasa (tanpa antibakteri) hasilnya sama aja...malah triclosan yang merupakan antibakteri ini dalam waktu lama berbahaya ni bagi kesehatan,,nah katanya juga kalo resistensi bakteri terhadap triclosan itu udah makin tinggi jadi mau lu pake sabun yang ada antibakterinya jg gak ngaruh...
artikel lengkapny nih...

Skip the Anti-Bacterial Soap: Regular Suds Work Just as Well

by Laura Geggel, Staff Writer   |   September 15, 2015 07:05pm ET

Regular soap is just as effective as anti-bacterial soap at getting rid of germs through hand washing, a new study finds.

This is hardly the first study to find no difference between the two types of soap, but it is the first to test regular and anti-bacterial soaps against 20 strains of bacteria in a lab, the researchers said. The investigators also tested the soaps on people's dirty hands.

In both the lab and the real-life trials, regular soap performed just as well as anti-bacterial soap, which contained the controversial chemical triclosan, according to the study from researchers in South Korea, published online today (Sept. 15) in the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.

"This study shows that presence of antiseptic ingredients (in this case, triclosan) in soap does not always guarantee higher anti-microbial efficacy during hand washing," the study's senior author, Min-Suk Rhee, a researcher of food bioscience and technology at Korea University in Seoul, South Korea, told Live Science in an email.

The soaps used in the study were identical except for the triclosan, an anti-bacterial and anti-fungal agent developed in the early 1960s that is the most commonly used antiseptic ingredient in soap, the researchers said.

Today, manufacturers add triclosan to an array of products, including toothpaste, shampoo, clothing, kitchenware, furniture and toys, with the goal of reducing or preventing bacterial contamination and growth, the researchers said.

However, triclosan has been linked to several negative effects on health. Research has tied it to antibiotic resistance among germs, and allergies and hormone disruption in people. One study even found that long-term exposure to triclosan might cause cancer in mice.

In response to some of these downsides, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a proposal in 2013 that asked companies to prove that anti-microbial products were safe for people to use, and that these products were more effective than plain soap and water in preventing the spread of germs.

To investigate, the researchers of the new study tested regular and anti-microbial soaps against a panel of bacteria, including Listeria,Salmonella and Staphylococcus, which were recommended for anti-microbial soap testing by the FDA.

To recreate the conditions of a people washing their hands, the researchers exposed the bacteria for 20 seconds to one of two conditions: regular soap and soap with 0.3 percent triclosan, the maximum amount allowed by law. (Twenty seconds is length of time the FDA recommends people spend washing their hands.)

The researchers conducted the experiment at two temperatures: room temperature (71.6 degrees Fahrenheit, or 22 degrees Celsius) and again at a warmer temperature (104 degrees F, or 40 degrees C).

It's unclear why triclosan didn't outshine regular soap, but perhaps the substance needs more time to do its work, the researchers said. (Indeed, when the soap was left on the bacterial samples for 9 hours, it worked better than the regular soap, the investigators found.) It's also possible that ingredients in the soap hampered triclosan's anti-microbial abilities, the researchers said.

In the second experiment, 16 healthy adult volunteers had their hands doused with bacteria (Serratia marcescens) and then washed their hands with either regular or anti-microbial soap in warm water for 30 seconds. Again, there was no significant difference between the soaps, the researchers found.

The results suggest that manufacturers should scale back claims that anti-bacterial soaps work better than regular soaps, Rhee said.

"If the manufacturer would like to advertise the antiseptic efficacy of their products, they should supply scientific evidence to support the claims," Rhee said.

It's encouraging that researchers are examining triclosan's effectiveness in soap, said Dr. Pritish Tosh, an infectious diseases physician at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota, who was not involved with the study.

"There's a real issue of increasing antibiotic resistance that we're seeing across the country and across the world," Tosh said. "And a lot of this is related to unnecessary anti-microbial use."

If soap with triclosan has harmful long-term effects, and if it performs no better than regular soap, "it makes us question why these products even exist," he said.

taken from: http://www.livescience.com/52182-antibacterial-versus-regular-soap.html

NAMBAH2 PENGETAHUAN DEH!!!

Fakta-Fakta Puasa "INTERMITTENT FASTING"

gw juga baca artikel ini dari link yang sama dan dalam bahasa yang sama (english dude!!),,yah mudah-mudahan bermanfaat...

How Fasting Diets May Make Cells Resist Stress (Essay)
by Douglas Bennion, University of Florida; Martin Wegman, University of Florida, and Michael Guo, University of Florida   |   March 31, 2015 08:54pm ET

Intermittent fasting (also called alternate day fasting) has become a popular diet. In most versions of intermittent fasting, people fast or eat very little a few days each week and then eat normal amounts during the remaining days.

Fasting is something that human beings have practiced throughout history, often out of circumstance rather than choice. Our hunter-gatherer ancestors were probably expert fasters, indulging in feasts in times of plenty, and then facing long periods of scarcity in between. With this in mind, it makes sense that our bodies' cells could perform well under the harsh conditions of feast and famine.


As a group of medical and research students, we wanted to know if fasting causes our cells to become more resilient to damage in the absence of weight loss. And do these benefits depend on the temporary stress that fasting causes in our cells?

Intermittent fasting may have anti-ageing benefits

Scientists have been looking at the possible health benefits of calorie restriction for years.

A prominent theory suggests these health benefits are related to the drop in blood sugar that results from fasting, which pushes our cells to work harder to utilize other forms of energy.

Rhesus monkeys eating only 70 percent of their normal caloric intake have been shown to live much longer and are much healthier at older ages. These anti-aging benefits have also been seen in animals that are put on an intermittent fasting diet, alternating between days of normal eating and days where calories are restricted. More recently, scientists have discovered some similar effects in humans.

What isn’t clear, though, is why intermittent fasting seems to have a benefit in the fight against aging. This question is complicated by the fact that in all studies performed in people, fasting led to weight loss. The health benefits of weight loss might be overshadowing the other benefits obtained from fasting alone.

Free radicals damage cells, but fasting may help

One way that our cells can become damaged is when they encounteroxidative stress. And preventing or repairing cell damage from oxidative stress is helpful against ageing. This stress happens when there is higher-than-normal production of free radicals, such as reactive oxygen species. These are unstable molecules that carry highly reactive electrons.

When one of these free radicals encounters another molecule, it may either give up an electron or take another electron. This can result in a rapid chain reaction from molecule to molecule, forming more free radicals, which can break apart connections between atoms within important components of the cell, like the cellular membrane, essential proteins or even DNA. Anti-oxidants work by transferring the needed electrons to stabilize the free radicals before they can do any harm.

Although fasting seems to help our cells combat damage from this process, it isn’t clear exactly how that happens.

Free radicals can be generated by poorly functioning mitochondria (the powerhouses of the cell). The switch between eating normally and fasting causes cells to temporarily experience lower-than-usual levels of glucose (blood sugar), and they are forced to begin using other sources of less readily available energy, like fatty acids. This can cause the cells to turn on survival processes to remove the unhealthy mitochondria and replace them with healthy ones over time, thus reducing the production of free radicals in the long-term.

It might also be true that fasting itself results in a small increase in free radical production early on during fasting.

The cells may respond by increasing their levels of natural anti-oxidants to fight against future free radicals. And although free radicals are commonly seen as harmful because of their ability to damage our cells, they might be important short-term signals for our body in this case, triggering cells to cope better with more severe stresses that may come in the future.

Do fasting and feasting fight aging?

To understand how fasting might make cells stronger, we recruited 24 people and asked them to practice an intermittent fasting diet for two three-week periods. During the first fasting period, participants ate a specially calibrated diet and during the second three week period, they ate that diet and took oral supplements of Vitamin C and Vitamin E, which are both anti-oxidants.

Because we just wanted to focus on how intermittent fasting affected cells, and not weight loss, participants ate 175% of their normal daily calorie intake on feasting days, and 25% of their normal daily intake on fasting days to prevent weight loss. We provided and carefully tracked the volunteer’s food. They ate typical American fare – things like pasta, chicken, sandwiches and desserts like ice cream.

We took samples of blood before they started and just after they ended the diet so we could compare levels of byproducts of oxidative stress and markers of strong cell functioning.

During the first three week period we attempted to see if fasting would increase oxidative stress (free radicals) in each person’s cells and to see if this stress actually led to stronger, more resilient cells.

Then we wanted to see if taking antioxidants in the second fasting period would block the free radicals caused by the fasting, preventing the cells from becoming more resilient. In other words, we wanted to know if Vitamin C and E would shelter the cells to the point that they wouldn’t be ready to stand up for themselves later on.

How did intermittent fasting affect people’s bodies?

We found that in response to fasting every other day, the cells made more copies of a gene called SIRT3, which is part of a pathway that works to prevent free radical production and improve cellular repair processes.

We also found a significant decrease in levels of circulating insulin, a sign that the participants bodies were more responsive to this hormone. This is important because when we become less sensitive to insulin, we are at risk for diabetes.

One somewhat surprising finding is that when participants took daily oral supplements of Vitamin C and E, the benefits from fasting disappeared. It seems that because the cells were relatively sheltered from experiencing any oxidative stress that may have been caused by fasting every other day, they didn’t respond by increasing their natural defenses and improving their sensitivity to insulin and other stress signals.

This suggests that low levels of environmental stress from things like fasting are actually good for our bodies, and that antioxidant supplements, while potentially good at certain times, might actually prevent our normal healthy cellular responses in other situations.

Although our study was relatively small and only had people fasting every other day for a short time period, we were able to pick up on a few important health benefits of fasting that happened even when people weren’t losing any weight at all. We look forward to other studies of intermittent fasting that might show more pronounced, longer-term benefits in larger groups of people.

related link: http://www.livescience.com/health/

sekali lagi semoga bermanfaat y agan2....

APAKAH PUASA DENGAN "INTERMITTENT" (SEBENTAR-SEBENTAR) MEMILIKI MANFAAT??? SECARA ILMIAH "YA"

kita sih udah tau ya kalo puasa itu bermanfaat...tapi kalo puasanya bentar-bentar doang gimana ya???gw sih cuman mau berbagi pengetahuan aja y ni y...ternyata puasa "intermittent" itu secara ilmiah bermanfaat banget...let's check it out!!! (berhubung gw dapet artikelnya dari web resmi asing jd gw tetep post yang bahasa inggris aje..itung2 belajar b.inggris)


Does Intermittent Fasting Have Benefits? Science Suggests Yes 
by Charles Q. Choi, Live Science Contributor   |   November 25, 2014 07:08am ET

Instead of eating three square meals a day, an eating schedule that involves "intermittent fasting" could help fight not just obesity but many related diseases of modern life, such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer's, researchers say.

The advice given on fighting obesity usually focuses on consuming fewer calories and exercising more. The benefits of such foods as vegetables, fruits, nuts, fiber and fish, and the value of reducing or eliminating snacks are often also touted.

However, mounting evidence reveals that other key aspects of diet — when and how often people eat — can also play a major role in health. In fact, the most common eating pattern in modern societies of three meals daily, plus snacks, is abnormal from the perspective of human evolution, an international group of researchers wrote in an article published online Nov. 17 in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

More and more research shows that intermittent fasting could have benefits, they said.
"Fasting alone is more powerful in preventing and reversing some diseases than drugs," said Satchidananda Panda, an associate professor of regulatory biology at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in San Diego, California, and one of the co-authors of the article.

Ancient hunter-gatherers often ate only intermittently, the researchers noted in their article. This suggests that the ability to function at a high level both physically and mentally during extended periods without food may have been crucial in human evolution, and that the human body may have adapted to perform at its best with intermittent fasting.

Such intermittent fasting could consist of eating 500 calories or less either two days each week, or every other day, or not eating breakfast and lunch several days each week, the researchers said.
Prior research suggests that in animals, intermittent fasting can fend off or even reverse such illnesses as cancer, diabetes, heart disease and neurodegenerative disorders. Animal studies suggest that intermittent fasting provides these benefits by allowing the body to respond better to stress that might otherwise damage it. For example, fasting could starve tumors, reduce inflammation, or improve the removal of damaged molecules and other components of cells, the researchers said.
"Intermittent fasting helps the body to rejuvenate and repair, thereby promoting overall health," Panda told Live Science.

In addition, the body may respond better to meals eaten at some times of the day rather than others because of the body's circadian rhythms. In the years before artificial light, people depended on natural patterns of day and night, with food primarily eaten during the day and fasting occurring at night. This means that eating at certain times of the day may be healthier for the body's metabolism — for example, in 2013, two studies in humans suggested that eating meals earlier in the day improved weight loss in overweight and obese people.

Panda said that it may be challenging for people to fast intermittently, instead of eating three meals every day. Eating breakfast is often promoted as a weight-control aid, but recent evidence has suggested it might not be, the researchers said.

Future research needs to further explore the benefits and drawbacks of different types of intermittent fasting in a variety of populations. "Its effectiveness in both preventing and reversing diseases, as well as interaction with standard medications for chronic metabolic diseases, should be tested in appropriate volunteer groups," Panda said.

related link: http://www.livescience.com/

SEMOGA BERMANFAAT gan,,,dan DIMENGERTI....hihihi

REZIM PENGATURAN HUKUM TENTANG WILAYAH

1. KEDAULATAN TERITORIAL
yaitu kedaulatan yang dimiliki oleh suatu negara dalam melaksanakan yurisdiksi ekslusif di wilayahnya.

2. WILAYAH YANG TIDAK BERADA DIBAWAH KEDAULATAN NEGARA LAIN DAN MEMILIKI STATUS TERSENDIRI
- Wilayah yang tidak mandiri atau belum mampu mengadakan hubungan dengan pihak2 asing tanpa ada dukungan dari negara pendukung
- Tidak dikenal kedaulatan suatu negara karena wilayah tersebut belum merdeka dan mandiri
- Berkembang pada PD I dan PD II sebagai refleksi dari imperialisme dan kolonialisme tapi sekarang tidak ada lagi. misalnya negara mandat

3. RES NULLIUS (TERRA NULLIUS)
adalah wilayah yang tidak berada dalam kedaulatan suatu negara (wilayah tak bertuan). penguasaan atas wilayah res nullius biasanya dilakukan dengan penemuan wilayah baru (discovery).

4. RES COMMUNIS
Wilayah yang tidak dapat ditundukkan oleh kedaulatan negara tetapi dapat digunakan oleh siapa pun saja dan negara manapun dengan maksud damai.
misalnya:- laut lepas, ruang angkasa, kawasan dasar laut samudera dalam (international sea-bed area)
Rezim ini melahirkan asas Warisan Bersama Umat Manusia (common heritage of mankind)

Prinsip-prinsip GATT/WTO

Secara garis besar, prinsip-prinsip hukum GATT/WTO menginginkan perlakuan yang sama atas setiap produk baik terhadap produk impor maupun produk domestik. Tujuan penerapan prinsip tersebut adalah agar terciptanya perdagangan bebas yang teratur berdasarkan hukum GATT.

Prinsip-prinsip tersebut adalah:

1. prinsip National Treatment

Prinsip ini tercantum dalam pasal III GATT yang berjudul National Treatment on International and Regulation.

Terdapat unsur2 sebagai berikut:

a. Adanya kepentingan lebih dari satu negara

b. Kepentingan itu terletak di wilayah dan termasuk yurisdiksi suatu negara

c. Negara tuan rumah harus memberi perlakuan yang sama (equality of treatment) baik terhadap kepentingan sendiri maupun terhadap kepentingan negara lain

d. Perlakuan tersebut tidak boleh menimbulkan keuntungan bagi negaranya sendiri atau menimbulkan kerugian bagi negara lain.

2. prinsip Most Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN)

Prinsip ini terdapat dalam pasal 1 GATT yang berjudul General Favoured Nation Treatment. MFN berarti bahwa jika sebuah negara memberi fasilitas (berupa kelonggaran tarif, kuota, atau lain-lain) kepada salah satu negara penanda tangan yang lain maka fasilitas tersebut dengan sendirinya dan secara otomatis juga tersedia bagi sengenap penandatangan lainnya.

3. prinsip Resiprositas

Prinsip GATT/WTO ketiga adalah prinsip timbal balik (reciprocity) yang mengharuskan setiap konsesi diimbangai oleh konsesi yang seimbang bagi semua. Sebab tujuan GATT adalah untuk memberikan keuntungan timbal balik bagi semua pesertanya. Hal itu dinyatakan dalam pembukaan GATT yaitu 

Equivalence of concessions among the negotiating contracting parties.

4. prinsip Transparansi Pasar

Prinsip ini mengandung beberapa arti:

pertama, negara-negara WTO hanya boleh menerapkan tarif atau bea masuk sebagai alat untuk memproteksi produk lokal.

kedua, tarif atau bea masuk tergolong transparan karena penetapannya dilakukan melalui perundingan multilateral, sehingga besarnya tarif sudah dapat diduga oleh para pihak yang terlibat dalam perdangangan ekpor impor.

5. prinsip Persaingan Sehat

Semua negara anggota WTO dilarang melakukan praktek dagang yang tidak fair. Termasuk sebagai tindakan tidak fair adalah kebijakan subsidi dan praktek dumping. Jadi pengertian persaingan sehat disini bukan dimaksudkan sebagai larangan monopoli atau sejenisnya.

taken from: 

Sukarmi. 2002. Regulasi Antidumping di Bawah Bayang-bayang Pasar Bebas. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.